In September 2023, Justice Marie-Josée Hogue led the establishment of the Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions by Canada’s federal government.
Foreign interference in Canada is defined as “harmful activities undertaken by foreign states or their proxies that are clandestine, deceptive, or involve a threat to any person to advance the strategic objectives of those states to the detriment of Canada’s national interests.” These activities foster polarization, distrust, and erode faith in democratic systems.
Canada Highlights China as Principal Origin of Foreign Influence
Hogue’s initial report found that foreign interference occurred in both the 2019 and 2021 federal elections and is expected to continue. Unlike former Governor-General David Johnston’s separate report, Hogue’s commission made public the bulk of security and intelligence reports during the first stage of the hearings, most of which were declassified and unredacted.
Among the few countries examined, China was identified as “the foremost perpetrator” of foreign interference, targeting government officials, electoral candidates, political organizations, and diaspora communities. China’s extensive resources and sophisticated operations far exceed those of other countries.
The hearings featured representatives from diaspora communities affected by foreign interference and transnational repression, providing a crucial perspective.
Hogue noted that some diaspora communities, particularly Falun Gong adherents, Uighurs, Tibetans, supporters of Taiwan, and advocates for democracy in mainland China and Hong Kong, are disproportionately affected by China’s efforts.
Hogue’s report validated the lived experiences of these communities, highlighting China’s use of the United Front Work Department to manipulate democratic institutions and conduct transnational repression. This entity coordinates its activities through Chinese embassies or consulates, targeting activists, dissidents, and politicians.
Although foreign interference did not determine the outcome of the last two federal elections, it impacted certain ridings, tarnishing Canada’s electoral integrity.
The report revealed communication gaps and a lack of coordinated efforts among government departments and agencies, leaving diaspora communities unprotected.
Hogue emphasized that foreign interference will likely intensify in the future. The inquiry’s next phase aims to further include diaspora communities as witnesses, whose insights are essential for strengthening Canadian democracy and combating foreign interference.
